Zero Tolerance for Coercion? Historical, Cultural and Organisational Contexts for Effective Implementation of Coercion-Free Mental Health Services around the World

Table 1. Some promising interventions for the reduction of coercion in mental health services.

Community Services	Inpatient Services	Both Service Levels
Advance directives/advance planning ²	Six Core Strategies ^1,3	Medication discontinuance ³
Joint crisis plans ²	Safewards ^1,3,**	Peer support ³
Crisis plan/card ²	Talk First ¹	Recovery models ³
Early warning symptoms ²	ResTrain Yourself ¹	Representation agreements³
Community Treatment Order ²	Scottish Patient Safety Programme ¹	Shared decision-making ^2,3,**
Treatment adherence therapy ²	Seclusion Reduction Programme ¹	Trauma-informed ³
Financial incentives ²	Sensory Modulation ¹
Crisis Resolution Team ²	Restraint education ²
Integrated treatment ²
Club House ³
Hearing Voices Network ³
Respite houses ³
Soteria House ^3,**
Trialogue ³

¹ Cited as an ‘intervention family‘ in four or more empirical studies analysed by Baker et al. [101]-any evaluation methodology; ² Cited as an intervention tested in at least one RCT by Barbui et al. [87]; ³ Cited as a ‘prominent measure or approach‘ which has been implemented ‘internationally‘ or in at least five countries by Gooding et al. [104]; ** Intervention implemented at least once in a low- or middle-income country; Bold: intervention with evidence of effectiveness in at least one RCT.

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